{"id":10625,"date":"2016-03-23T00:17:44","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T20:17:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kultur.az\/?p=10625"},"modified":"2016-03-23T00:17:44","modified_gmt":"2016-03-22T20:17:44","slug":"tarixin-ag-l%c9%99k%c9%99l%c9%99ri-q%c9%99dim-cografi-x%c9%99rit%c9%99l%c9%99rin-sirri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/?p=10625","title":{"rendered":"Tarixin a\u011f l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri – Q\u0259dim co\u011frafi x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259rin sirri"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"tarix\"<\/a>1965-ci ild\u0259 AB\u015e-\u0131n Yels Univetsiteti bir co\u011frafi x\u0259rit\u0259 \u00e7ap etdi. Orada Avropa v\u0259 Afrikan\u0131n Atlantik sahill\u0259rind\u0259 \u0130slandiya v\u0259 Qrenlandiya, h\u0259m\u00e7inin daha q\u0259rbd\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck bir ada – Vinland adas\u0131 t\u0259svir olunmu\u015fdu.<\/p>\n

<\/strong>Q\u0259dim \u0130sland saqalar\u0131ndan m\u0259lumdur ki, Vinland\u0131 norman vikinqi Leyv Eyrikksson Nyufaundlend adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131, hans\u0131 ki, o, m\u00fcasir Kanadan\u0131n \u015eimal-\u015e\u0259rq sahilind\u0259 t\u0259xmin\u0259n 1000-ci ild\u0259 sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Aliml\u0259r m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edibl\u0259r ki, bu x\u0259rit\u0259 1440-c\u0131 il\u0259, Xristofor Kolumbun Amerika materikini k\u0259\u015ff etm\u0259mi\u015fd\u0259n yar\u0131m \u0259sr qaba\u011fa aiddir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259r halda, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin kitabxana v\u0259 arxivl\u0259rind\u0259 bundan da q\u0259rib\u0259 v\u0259 q\u0259dim x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur. Onlardan biri 1513-c\u00fc ild\u0259 perqament par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 1929-cu ild\u0259 \u0130stanbul Sultan Saray\u0131n\u0131n kitabxanas\u0131ndan tap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcrk admiral\u0131 Piri R\u0259isin x\u0259rit\u0259sidir. X\u0259rit\u0259d\u0259 Afrikan\u0131n Q\u0259rb, C\u0259nubi Amerikan\u0131n \u015e\u0259rq v\u0259 Antarktidan\u0131n \u015eimal sahill\u0259ri d\u0259 \u00f6z \u0259ksini tap\u0131b.<\/p>\n

C\u0259nubi Amerikan\u0131n m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fundan avropal\u0131lar yaln\u0131z Kolumbun 1498-ci ild\u0259 ora \u00fczm\u0259sind\u0259n sonra x\u0259b\u0259r tutdular. N\u00f6vb\u0259ti ill\u0259r \u0130spanlar s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 C\u0259nubi Amerika torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u011fal ed\u0259r\u0259k d\u0259rind\u0259n ara\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131lar v\u0259 bu proses Atlantik okean\u0131n C\u0259nubi Amerika sahill\u0259rin\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259nd\u0259, y\u0259ni 1520-ci ild\u0259 bitdi. Bu \u0259r\u0259f\u0259d\u0259 Ferman Magellan oradan c\u0259nuba do\u011fru \u00fcz\u0259r\u0259k, sonradan onun ad\u0131n\u0131 da\u015f\u0131yan bo\u011fazdan Sakit okeana ke\u00e7ir. T\u00fcrk admiral\u0131n\u0131n x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259 C\u0259nubi Amerikan\u0131n \u015e\u0259rq sahill\u0259ri, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 onun k\u0259\u015ff olunmas\u0131ndan h\u0259l\u0259 7 il qabaq Magellan bo\u011faz\u0131 da b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rilib.<\/p>\n

Hesab olunur ki, Antaktidan\u0131 Bellinskqauzen-Lazarev rus ekspedisiyas\u0131 1820-ci ild\u0259 “\u015e\u0259rq” v\u0259 “S\u00fclh” g\u0259mil\u0259ri vasit\u0259siyl\u0259 onun Sakit okean sahill\u0259rin\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 il\u0259 k\u0259\u015ff edibb. Amma ondan h\u0259l\u0259 300-d\u0259n d\u0259 \u00e7ox il \u00f6nc\u0259, R\u0259is \u00f6z x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259 Atlantik okean\u0131n bu alt\u0131nc\u0131 qit\u0259 sahill\u0259rini \u015eahzad\u0259 Martan\u0131n sahili kimi adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 ( ehtimal ki, bu ad, Uzun H\u0259s\u0259nin q\u0131z\u0131 v\u0259 ya \u015eah \u0130smay\u0131l X\u0259tainin anas\u0131 Marta Al\u0259m\u015fah B\u0259yimin \u015f\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 se\u00e7ilib). Admiral \u00f6z x\u0259rit\u0259sini t\u0259rtib ed\u0259nd\u0259n sonra, ona bitm\u0259 tarixini qeyd ed\u0259r\u0259k yaz\u0131r ki, bu t\u0259rtibetm\u0259d\u0259 o, daha q\u0259dim x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n, h\u0259tta e.\u0259. 4-c\u00fc \u0259sr\u0259 aid bir x\u0259rit\u0259d\u0259n istifad\u0259 edib.<\/p>\n

X\u0259rit\u0259\u015f\u00fcnaslar Piri R\u0259isin x\u0259rit\u0259sini d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 saxta adland\u0131r\u0131blar. Amma onun \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki son texnoloji ekspertizada bu q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259linib ki,\u00a0x\u0259rit\u0259 h\u0259qiqidir. Lakin Piri R\u0259isin x\u0259rit\u0259si yegan\u0259 deyil.<\/p>\n

1960-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Amerika tarix\u00e7isi v\u0259 co\u011frafiya\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 professor \u00c7arls Hepqud AB\u015e Konqress Kitabxanas\u0131ndan 1531-ci il\u0259 aid, Antarktida materikinin d\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rildiyi Oronti Finaesin x\u0259rit\u0259sini tap\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Merkator kimi tan\u0131nan Flamand x\u0259rit\u0259\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 Gerard van Kremer 1569-cu ild\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn “Atlas” adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafi x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259r kataloqu \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 i\u015fini tamamlay\u0131r. O, \u00f6z kataloquna Oronti Finaes\u0259 aid, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6\"\"z\u00fcn\u0259 m\u0259xsus bir ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u00fcnya x\u0259rit\u0259si daxil edir ki, onlarda da Antarktida t\u0259svir olunmu\u015fdu.<\/p>\n

“V\u0259ziyy\u0259t bel\u0259dir ki, – professor Hepqud qeyd edir, – Merkatorun x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259 Finaesin x\u0259rit\u0259sin\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n Antarktida qit\u0259sinin b\u0259zi qeyd v\u0259 relyef m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 daha d\u0259qiq g\u00f6st\u0259rilib.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00fcbh\u0259siz, Merkator \u00f6z x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259rini Finaesd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq ilkinm\u0259nb\u0259 x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259rinin k\u00f6m\u0259yil\u0259 t\u0259rtib edib.”<\/p>\n

T\u0259kc\u0259 Merkator yox, h\u0259m\u00e7inin frans\u0131z co\u011frafiya\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 Filipp Bua\u015fe \u00f6z Antarktika x\u0259rit\u0259sini h\u0259l\u0259 bu c\u0259nub qit\u0259nin r\u0259smi k\u0259\u015ffind\u0259n qabaq, 1737-ci ild\u0259 \u00e7ap etdirib.<\/p>\n

O da \u00f6z x\u0259rit\u0259sinin t\u0259rtibind\u0259 ondan \u0259vv\u0259lki hans\u0131sa x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n yararlan\u0131b.<\/p>\n

Haz\u0131rda bu 6-c\u0131 qit\u0259 praktik olaraq buzla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcb; orta qal\u0131nl\u0131q 2 km, b\u0259zi yerl\u0259r is\u0259 4 km qal\u0131nl\u0131q. El\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 materikin b\u00fct\u00fcn sahil x\u0259tti \u00fcz\u0259n buz qayalar\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259l\u0259nmi\u015fdir. Antarktidan\u0131n \u00e7ox az olan quru sah\u0259sini is\u0259, 1949-cu ild\u0259 “\u0130sve\u00e7-\u0130ngilis antarktida ekspedisiyas\u0131” bir s\u0131ra seysmik k\u0259\u015ffiyyat metodlar\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edibl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Maraql\u0131d\u0131r ki, R\u0259isin x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259 \u015eahzad\u0259 Martan\u0131n Sahili buzsuz kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rilib. Haz\u0131rki m\u00fcasir ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar t\u0259sdiq edir ki, Antarktidan\u0131n sahil hiss\u0259si n\u0259 vaxtsa buzsuz olub. Yaln\u0131z buzlaq e.\u0259. 13 min il qabaqdan 4 min il qaba\u011fa kimi ir\u0259lil\u0259yib. Onda bel\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r ki, Piri R\u0259isin istifad\u0259 etdiyi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r h\u0259min q\u0259dim d\u00f6vrd\u0259 meydana g\u0259lib. Oronti Finaesin x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259 Antarktida, h\u0259tta sahil x\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 kimi b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259 t\u0259svir olunub. O x\u0259rit\u0259d\u0259 qit\u0259nin \u0259traf\u0131ndak\u0131 kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r geni\u015f olan zolaqda qaya \u00e7\u0131x\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 v\u0259 okean \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n axd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sualt\u0131 d\u0259r\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rilib v\u0259 bu da, m\u00fcasir ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ril\u0259 tamamil\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259\u015fir. X\u0259rit\u0259d\u0259 da\u011f v\u0259 \u00e7aylar materikin yaln\u0131z d\u0259rinliyind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir. Bel\u0259 q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259k olar ki, Finaesin qidaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259rtib olunark\u0259n buz yaln\u0131z Antarktidan\u0131n m\u0259rk\u0259zi hiss\u0259sini tutmu\u015fdu. Bu d\u00f6vr is\u0259, Va\u015finqtondak\u0131 Karneqi \u0130nstitutu aliml\u0259rinin hesab etdiyi kimi, \u0259n az\u0131 6 min il qabaq ba\u015fa \u00e7at\u0131b.<\/p>\n

Antarktida relyefinin d\u0259qiq m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 il\u0259 Markatorun x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 rastla\u015fmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Lakin \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck sensasiya Filipp Bua\u015fenin x\u0259rit\u0259sini \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259rk\u0259n ba\u015f verdi. Orada m\u00fcasir x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u0259 Antarktidan\u0131n co\u011frafi konfiqurasiyas\u0131 tamamil\u0259 d\u0259qiq i\u015fl\u0259nib. Bua\u015fenin x\u0259rit\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n Antarktidan\u0131n iki f\u0259rqli t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n ( su il\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259l\u0259nmi\u015f \u015e\u0259rq v\u0259 Q\u0259rb t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rd\u0259n) g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc maraq do\u011fururdu. 1958-ci ild\u0259 “Beyn\u0259lxalq Geofiziki il” proqram\u0131 \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 daha d\u0259qiq ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, bu x\u0259rit\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tli qiym\u0259tini ald\u0131. Amma Antarktidan\u0131n arxipelaq olmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 ya onun yerb\u0259yer t\u0259sviri c\u0259hdind\u0259n bel\u0259 q\u0259na\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259k olar ki, Bua\u015fenin \u0259li alt\u0131nda ( Finaes v\u0259 Merkatorda oldu\u011fu kimi ) ne\u00e7\u0259 min \u0259vv\u0259l\u0259 aid olan x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259r varm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00fcnki m\u00fcasir m\u0259lumatlara \u0259sas\u0259n, bu qit\u0259 15 min il qabaq da indikind\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck deyildi.<\/p>\n

Eyni zamanda Antarktida haqda m\u00fcasir bilgil\u0259r orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 yaranm\u0131\u015f bu x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259sdiql\u0259m\u0259kl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, onlar\u0131n min v\u0259 b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 10 min ill\u0259r \u00f6nc\u0259y\u0259 aid olan q\u0259dim m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 d\u0259 inanma\u011fa \u0259sas verir. \u0130ndi bir suala cavab verm\u0259k qal\u0131r; bizd\u0259n kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r q\u0259dim olan hans\u0131 sivilizasiyan\u0131n t\u0259qdimat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 hans\u0131 texnikan\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yil\u0259 bu c\u00fcr valehedici d\u0259qiqlikl\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 nail olmu\u015flar? Ax\u0131, m\u00fcasir elm Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sinin o q\u0259dim d\u00f6n\u0259mind\u0259 he\u00e7 bir sivilizasiyan\u0131n m\u00f6vcud olmamas\u0131 q\u0259na\u0259tind\u0259dir.\u00a0 Lakin bu fikir s\u00f6z\u00fc ged\u0259n m\u00f6vzunun t\u0259k tapmacas\u0131 deyil.<\/p>\n

1999-cu ilin iyununda Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131standa q\u0259dim da\u015f l\u00f6vh\u0259cik tap\u0131ld\u0131. Ba\u015fq\u0131rd\u0131stan D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universitetinin professoru Aleksandr \u00c7uv\u0131rovun r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi alt\u0131nda olan aliml\u0259r hesab edirl\u0259r ki, C\u0259nubi Ural\u0131n h\u0259cmli x\u0259rit\u0259si t\u0259svir olunmu\u015f bu da\u015f l\u00f6vh\u0259cik y\u00fcks\u0259k inki\u015faf etmi\u015f hans\u0131sa sivilizasiyaya m\u0259xsusdur. Bu c\u00fcr\u00a0 ehtimal etm\u0259k olar; bu l\u00f6vh\u0259cik Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sinin d\u0259qiqlikl\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f \u00fc\u00e7\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc x\u0259rit\u0259sinin yaln\u0131z bir hiss\u0259sidir. L\u00f6vh\u0259ciyin ya\u015f\u0131 120 milyon il kimi d\u0259qiql\u0259\u015fib.<\/p>\n

Vadim \u0130L\u0130N, Tarix elml\u0259ri namiz\u0259di
\n<\/strong>“Koleydoskop” jurnal\u0131
\nRuscadan t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259: S\u0259buhi \u015eAHMURSOY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131ya 599 d\u0259f\u0259 bax\u0131l\u0131b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1965-ci ild\u0259 AB\u015e-\u0131n Yels Univetsiteti bir co\u011frafi x\u0259rit\u0259 \u00e7ap etdi. Orada Avropa v\u0259 Afrikan\u0131n Atlantik sahill\u0259rind\u0259 \u0130slandiya v\u0259 Qrenlandiya, h\u0259m\u00e7inin daha q\u0259rbd\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck bir ada – Vinland adas\u0131 t\u0259svir olunmu\u015fdu. Q\u0259dim \u0130sland saqalar\u0131ndan m\u0259lumdur ki, Vinland\u0131 norman vikinqi Leyv Eyrikksson Nyufaundlend adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131, hans\u0131 ki, o, m\u00fcasir Kanadan\u0131n \u015eimal-\u015e\u0259rq sahilind\u0259 t\u0259xmin\u0259n 1000-ci ild\u0259 sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Aliml\u0259r m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10625"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10625"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10625\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10627,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10625\/revisions\/10627"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10625"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10625"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10625"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}