{"id":19357,"date":"2023-11-22T16:25:16","date_gmt":"2023-11-22T12:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/?p=19357"},"modified":"2023-11-22T16:25:50","modified_gmt":"2023-11-22T12:25:50","slug":"mill%c9%99tl%c9%99r-arasi-%c9%99laq%c9%99-idealarinin-sarl-lui-monteskyonun-qanunlarin-ruhu-haqqinda-%c9%99s%c9%99rind%c9%99ki-t%c9%99zahuru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/?p=19357","title":{"rendered":"M\u0130LL\u018fTL\u018fRARASI \u018fLAQ\u018f \u0130DEALARININ \u015eARL LU\u0130 MONTESKY\u00d6N\u00dcN \u201cQANUNLARIN RUHU HAQQINDA\u201d \u018fS\u018fR\u0130ND\u018fK\u0130 T\u018fZAH\u00dcR\u00dc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Z\u0259hra<\/a>A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r: \u015earl Lui Montesky\u00f6, \u201cQanunlar\u0131n ruhu haqq\u0131nda\u201d, dini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259l\u0259r, mill\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259, qanunvericilik<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/i><\/b> \u00a0Charles Louis Montesquieu, “On the Spirit of Laws”, religious thoughts, international relations, legislation<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Maarif\u00e7ilik d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Montesky\u00f6 g\u00f6rk\u0259mli siyasi filosof idi. O, h\u00f6kum\u0259tin bir \u00e7ox n\u00f6vl\u0259rinin v\u0259 onlar\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131ran amill\u0259rin t\u0259bii izah\u0131n\u0131 yaratd\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n doymaq bilm\u0259y\u0259n maraq v\u0259 t\u00fck\u0259nm\u0259z yumor hissi il\u0259 t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc asanla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131 v\u0259 ya \u0259ng\u0259ll\u0259di. O, h\u00f6kum\u0259tl\u0259rin bu hesabdan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259r\u0259k korrupsiyadan nec\u0259 qorunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izah etdi.<\/p>\n

Montesky\u00f6n\u00fcn son f\u0259ls\u0259fi traktat\u0131 \u201cQanunlar\u0131n ruhu haqq\u0131nda\u201d (1748) olmu\u015fdur. O, tarixi, f\u0259ls\u0259fi, sosial, h\u00fcquqi v\u0259 iqtisadi inanclar\u0131n\u0131n x\u00fclas\u0259sind\u0259n bir sistem yaratd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn dig\u0259r n\u00f6vl\u0259r kimi insan da Montesky\u00f6y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 qaydalara tabedir, lakin o, h\u0259m d\u0259 qeyd edir ki, insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259n varl\u0131q oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u201co, daima Allah\u0131n qoydu\u011fu qanunlar\u0131 pozur v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etdiyi qanunlar\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fir\u201d. Montesky\u00f6 iddia edirdi ki, qanunvericil\u0259r, filosoflar v\u0259 Tanr\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edil\u0259n qanunlar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259t \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 daimi t\u0259siri var. Montesky\u00f6 Hobbsun \u201cham\u0131n\u0131n ham\u0131ya qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcharib\u0259si\u201dnd\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq insan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 idar\u0259 ed\u0259n d\u00f6rd \u0259sas prinsip t\u0259klif edir:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0130nsan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 ehtiyac\u0131 aras\u0131nda f\u0259rq qoyur:<\/li>\n
  2. \u00d6z\u00fcn\u0259 ruzi \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaq;<\/li>\n
  3. S\u00fclh i\u00e7ind\u0259 ya\u015fama\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaq;<\/li>\n
  4. Bir-biri il\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaq v\u0259 ya “bir \u015f\u0259xsin dig\u0259rin\u0259 \u00fcnvanlanm\u0131\u015f t\u0259l\u0259bi”.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0130nsan\u0131n c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olmaq ist\u0259yi n\u0259hay\u0259t, Montesky\u00f6 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc t\u0259bii qanun kimi qeyd edilir. D\u00f6vl\u0259t idar\u0259etm\u0259 formalar\u0131 c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 ya\u015fama\u011f\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259sidir. Filosof bu kontekstd\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tin \u00fc\u00e7 n\u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fc vur\u011fulay\u0131r: respublika, monarxiya v\u0259 istibdad.<\/p>\n

    Qanunlar Ruhunda din yaln\u0131z ki\u00e7ik bir rol oynay\u0131r. Allah 1-ci kitabda t\u0259bi\u0259ti v\u0259 onun qanunlar\u0131n\u0131 yaradan kimi t\u0259svir edilir; Bunu etdikd\u0259n sonra O yox olur v\u0259 ba\u015fqa izahedici rol oynam\u0131r. X\u00fcsusil\u0259 Montesky\u00f6 h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir xalq\u0131n qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 izah etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn f\u00f6vq\u0259lt\u0259bii t\u0259qdird\u0259n, i\u015f\u0131qland\u0131rmadan v\u0259 ya istiqam\u0259tl\u0259ndirm\u0259d\u0259n istifad\u0259 etmir. Montesky\u00f6 dinl\u0259ri \u201cQanunlar\u0131n Ruhu haqq\u0131nda\u201d \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 do\u011frulu\u011funa v\u0259 ya yalan\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirmir, \u0259ksin\u0259 “yaln\u0131z v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 istehsal etdikl\u0259ri yax\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6r\u0259” qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirir. Onun fikrinc\u0259, bir \u00e7ox dinl\u0259r m\u00fcxt\u0259lif qurulu\u015f v\u0259 idar\u0259etm\u0259 sisteml\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn uy\u011fundur. Donuzlar\u0131n az oldu\u011fu v\u0259 x\u0259st\u0259liy\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b oldu\u011fu \u018fr\u0259bistanda donuz \u0259tinin yem\u0259k qada\u011fas\u0131 uy\u011fundur, mal-qaran\u0131n \u00e7ox ehtiyac duyuldu\u011fu, lakin inki\u015faf etm\u0259diyi Hindistanda mal \u0259ti yem\u0259k qada\u011fas\u0131 uy\u011fundur. Protestantl\u0131q respublikalar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, katoliklik monarxiyalar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, islam is\u0259 despotizml\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n uy\u011funudur. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, “Montezuma bu q\u0259d\u0259r inadkarl\u0131qla ispanlar\u0131n dininin \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, onun is\u0259 Meksika \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yax\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu israr ed\u0259nd\u0259, o, absurd iddia etm\u0259di”<\/p>\n

    Din, avtokratik hakimiyy\u0259t \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 yoxlama rolunu oynaya bil\u0259n yegan\u0259 qurum olmaqla, s\u0259hv qanunlar\u0131n v\u0259 qurumlar\u0131n m\u0259nfi t\u0259sirl\u0259rini azaltma\u011fa xidm\u0259t ed\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bununla bel\u0259, Monteskye hesab edirdi ki, m\u00fclki qanunvericiliyin dini g\u00f6st\u0259ri\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259saslanmas\u0131 ad\u0259t\u0259n s\u0259hvdir. M\u00fclki qanunlar c\u0259miyy\u0259tin faydas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 halda, din f\u0259rdin kamill\u0259\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n din \u201ch\u0259r zaman m\u00fclki qanunlar\u0131n birinci prinsipi kimi xidm\u0259t etm\u0259m\u0259lidir\u201d. Bu f\u0259rqli m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq, bu iki qanun d\u0259stinin t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259l\u0259ri \u00e7ox vaxt f\u0259rqli olacaq. Dini davran\u0131\u015f normalar\u0131 m\u00fclki qanunlarla t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259m\u0259lidir, \u00e7\u00fcnki Allah\u0131n \u00f6z qaydalar\u0131 var v\u0259 insanlar\u0131n m\u00fcdaxil\u0259si olmadan onlar\u0131 qorumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l t\u0259chiz edilmi\u015fdir. Biz Allah\u0131n qanunlar\u0131n\u0131 Onun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 ya \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc Onun himay\u0259dar\u0131 kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259y\u0259 c\u0259hd etdikd\u0259 dinimizi fanatizm v\u0259 z\u00fclm al\u0259tin\u0259 \u00e7evirmi\u015f oluruq; bu n\u0259 Allaha, n\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259miz\u0259 xidm\u0259tdir.<\/p>\n

    Bir ne\u00e7\u0259 inanc\u0131n populyarla\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir xalqda h\u0259m h\u00f6kum\u0259t, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u0259hali b\u00fct\u00fcn inanclar\u0131 q\u0259bul etm\u0259li v\u0259 qeyd etm\u0259lidir. Qanunvericilik \u201cbir ne\u00e7\u0259 dind\u0259n n\u0259inki d\u00f6vl\u0259ti qar\u0131\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131, h\u0259tta \u00f6z aralar\u0131nda i\u011fti\u015fa\u015flar t\u00f6r\u0259tm\u0259m\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259lidir\u201d. Ba\u015fqas\u0131n\u0131 zorla din\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259k q\u0259ddar v\u0259 t\u0259sirsizdir, lakin buna baxmayaraq, kimis\u0259 t\u0259\u015fviq etm\u0259kl\u0259 dinini d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259y\u0259 inand\u0131rmaq olar. Montesky\u00f6 d\u0259 onlar\u0131n xristianl\u0131\u011fa layiq olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair qeyri-adi s\u0259rt iddia il\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f ed\u0259r\u0259k yaz\u0131r: \u201c\u018fg\u0259r kims\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 bizim ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Avropa xalqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259ni oldu\u011funu iddia etm\u0259y\u0259 c\u0259sar\u0259t ed\u0259rs\u0259, siz \u0130nkvizisiya) onlar\u0131n barbar olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcbut etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istinad edil\u0259c\u0259k v\u0259 onlar\u0131n sizinl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259l\u0259ri ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259y\u0259c\u0259k v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcasirl\u0259riniz \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 nifr\u0259t yayacaq\u201d.<\/p>\n

    O hesab edir ki, qanunlara tabe olan, sabit, qeyri-despotik h\u00f6kum\u0259t alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaq onun sakinl\u0259rin\u0259 h\u0259yatlar\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259dikl\u0259ri kimi aparma\u011fa imkan verir v\u0259 bel\u0259 bir h\u00f6kum\u0259t ehtiyats\u0131zl\u0131qdan d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259m\u0259lidir. Siyasi sistemimizi h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k v\u0259 onun h\u0259m xalq\u0131n, h\u0259m d\u0259 mill\u0259tin ehtiyaclar\u0131na nec\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k onun m\u0259ntiqsiz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n bir \u00e7ox t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rinin m\u0259na k\u0259sb etdiyini v\u0259 onlar\u0131 \u201cislah etm\u0259k\u201d c\u0259hdinin \u0259slind\u0259 sistemi daha da z\u0259ifl\u0259d\u0259c\u0259yini a\u015fkar edirdi.<\/p>\n

    Qanunlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bilm\u0259k h\u0259m d\u0259 biz\u0259 h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n islahat t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259n sah\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 onlar\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259yin \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 yollar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259y\u0259 imkan ver\u0259c\u0259k. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, bir \u00e7ox mill\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 qanunlar daha liberal v\u0259 humanist oluna bil\u0259r, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Montesky\u00f6n\u00fcn fikrinc\u0259, onlar d\u00f6vl\u0259t hakimiyy\u0259tinin \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131na v\u0259 repressiv \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sin\u0259 daha az yer buraxaraq, daha az \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131na t\u0259tbiq oluna bil\u0259r. K\u00f6l\u0259lik v\u0259 dini ayr\u0131-se\u00e7kilik d\u0259 qanundan k\u0259narla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131la bil\u0259r v\u0259 ticar\u0259t t\u0259\u015fviq edil\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Z\u0259hra H\u0259\u015fimova<\/b><\/p>\n

    Az\u0259rbaycan Dill\u0259r Universiteti<\/p>\n

    Magistrant<\/p>\n

    Yaz\u0131ya 170 d\u0259f\u0259 bax\u0131l\u0131b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r: \u015earl Lui Montesky\u00f6, \u201cQanunlar\u0131n ruhu haqq\u0131nda\u201d, dini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259l\u0259r, mill\u0259tl\u0259raras\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259, qanunvericilik Keywords: \u00a0Charles Louis Montesquieu, “On the Spirit of Laws”, religious thoughts, international relations, legislation   Maarif\u00e7ilik d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Montesky\u00f6 g\u00f6rk\u0259mli siyasi filosof idi. O, h\u00f6kum\u0259tin bir \u00e7ox n\u00f6vl\u0259rinin v\u0259 onlar\u0131 formala\u015fd\u0131ran amill\u0259rin t\u0259bii izah\u0131n\u0131 yaratd\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n doymaq bilm\u0259y\u0259n maraq v\u0259 t\u00fck\u0259nm\u0259z yumor […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3,21],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19357"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19357"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19357\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19360,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19357\/revisions\/19360"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19357"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19357"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19357"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}