{"id":7087,"date":"2014-12-06T21:15:02","date_gmt":"2014-12-06T17:15:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kultur.az\/?p=7087"},"modified":"2014-12-06T21:20:15","modified_gmt":"2014-12-06T17:20:15","slug":"osmanlida-qardas-q%c9%99tli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/?p=7087","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131da \u201cQarda\u015f q\u0259tli\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"senan\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130stanbulun f\u0259thind\u0259n sonra Fateh Sultan M\u0259hm\u0259d yeni bir nizam ve qanunlar toplusu olaraq \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cQanunnameyi Ali Osman\u201dda bu bar\u0259d\u0259 yaz\u0131r: \u2018\u2018V\u0259 h\u0259r kims\u0259y\u0259 \u00f6vlad\u0131mdan s\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259t m\u00fcy\u0259ss\u0259r ola, qarda\u015flar\u0131n Niz\u00e2m-\u0131 \u00c2lem (D\u00f6vl\u0259tin davam\u0131) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn q\u0259tl eyl\u0259m\u0259k m\u00fcnasibdir. \u018fks\u0259r \u00fcl\u0259ma (aliml\u0259r) dahi tecviz etmi\u015fdir (icaz\u0259 vermi\u015fdir). Onunla amil olalar (t\u0259tbiq ed\u0259rl\u0259r)\u2019\u2019.<\/p>\n

\u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 bu m\u00f6vzu Fateh Sultan M\u0259hm\u0259dd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l d\u0259 m\u00f6vcud olmu\u015fdur. Fateh Sultan M\u0259hm\u0259d sad\u0259c\u0259 bunu qanunil\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir. Fateh \u201cBu atam v\u0259 babam\u0131n qanunudur\u201d dey\u0259rk\u0259n buna i\u015far\u0259 etmi\u015fdir. Qald\u0131 ki, b\u0259zil\u0259rinin s\u00f6yl\u0259diyi kimi Fateh buna vacibdir dem\u0259di. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz dedi. \u00dcst\u0259lik diqq\u0259t etdinizs\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259rsiniz ki, aliml\u0259r d\u0259 buna izin verir. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz ki, aliml\u0259r pad\u015faha qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xmaqdan qorxurlar. Ancaq biz burada Osmanl\u0131dan dan\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131q. Osmanl\u0131da pad\u015fah\u0131n \u0259mrini, f\u0259rman\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdir\u0259n aliml\u0259r olub. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti haqq\u0131nda azca da olsa m\u0259lumat\u0131 olanlar bilirl\u0259r ki, Osmanl\u0131da aliml\u0259r\u00a0 pad\u015fahdan \u0259vv\u0259l g\u0259lirdi. Osmanl\u0131, alimin at\u0131n\u0131n aya\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xan pal\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fckd\u0259n sonra q\u0259brinin ba\u015f\u0131na qoyulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u0259mr ed\u0259n bir m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tdir.<\/p>\n

Bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni anlayabilm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn tarix\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r salmal\u0131y\u0131q. Osmanl\u0131dan \u0259vv\u0259lki T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tinin da\u011f\u0131lma s\u0259b\u0259bi budur. Bir h\u00f6km\u00fcdar sultan olduqdan sonra \u00e7ox vaxt h\u0259l\u0259 sa\u011f ik\u0259n onun qurdu\u011fu b\u00f6y\u00fck imperatorluqlar \u00f6vladlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n v\u0259 par\u00e7alanan d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259r d\u0259 t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcfl\u0259r olsun ki, n\u0259inki d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 vuru\u015furdular, h\u0259tta bir- biril\u0259ril\u0259 vuru\u015fub d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rini z\u0259ifl\u0259dirl\u0259r v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 z\u0259ifl\u0259mi\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259t d\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tab g\u0259tir\u0259 bilm\u0259yib da\u011f\u0131l\u0131rlar. Buna misal olaraq Selcuqlu d\u00f6vl\u0259tini, Teymuril\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259tini, Q\u0259zn\u0259lil\u0259r d\u00f6vl\u0259tini v\u0259. s misal g\u0259tir\u0259 bil\u0259rik. H\u0259tta Osmanl\u0131 tarixind\u0259 bel\u0259 buna rast gelm\u0259k olar.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n fetr\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fc dedikl\u0259ri \u0130ld\u0131r\u0131m B\u0259yazid v\u0259 \u018fmir Teymur aras\u0131ndak\u0131 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fd\u0259n sonrak\u0131 11 il (1402-1413) m\u00fcdd\u0259tind\u0259 \u0130ld\u0131r\u0131m B\u0259yazidin o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259rki m\u00fcdd\u0259tdir. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 minl\u0259rl\u0259 T\u00fcrk v\u0259 M\u00fcs\u0259lman qan\u0131 ax\u0131d\u0131ld\u0131. Ne\u00e7\u0259- ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259rli d\u00f6vl\u0259t adamlar\u0131 h\u0259lak oldu. Fetr\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fc Osmanl\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 y\u00fcz il geriy\u0259 atd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bunlar\u0131 d\u0259rk etdi. Bunlar\u0131n bir daha ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, minl\u0259rl\u0259 T\u00fcrk\u00fcn, M\u00fcs\u0259lman\u0131n \u00f6lm\u0259m\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6z qan\u0131ndan b\u0259d\u0259l \u00f6d\u0259di. Minl\u0259rl\u0259 insan \u00f6lm\u0259sin dey\u0259 bir insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Yen\u0259 bir misal verim. Fatehin \u00f6z o\u011flu Sultan II B\u0259yazid qarda\u015f\u0131 Cemi \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u0259di. N\u0259ticd\u0259 \u00a0\u015e\u0259hzad\u0259 Cem \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc sultan elan edib qarda\u015f\u0131 B\u0259yazidin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u0259 qo\u015fun yeritdi. Yen\u0259 minl\u0259rl\u0259 insan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Cem\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259sr\u0259fl\u0259rini qar\u015f\u0131lama \u015f\u0259rtil\u0259\u00a0 Q\u00fcdsd\u0259 ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259klif etdi. Ancaq Cem r\u0259dd etdi. \u00c7\u00fcnki onlar\u0131n h\u0259r biri ki\u00e7ik ya\u015flar\u0131ndan b\u0259ri g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yin Pad\u015fah\u0131 olaraq yeti\u015fdirilirdi. D\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 kim layiq is\u0259 oda taxtda oturmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bunuda \u00f6z\u00fc bil\u0259yinin g\u00fcc\u00fcyl\u0259, yeri g\u0259ldiyind\u0259 is\u0259 siyas\u0259til\u0259 qazanmal\u0131yd\u0131. Daha sonra \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259 Cemd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l M\u0259mlukil\u0259r, daha sonra is\u0259 Xa\u00e7l\u0131lar Osmanl\u0131lara qar\u015f\u0131 t\u0259hdid olaraq istifad\u0259 etdil\u0259r. Cem m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259 s\u0131x\u0131nt\u0131 verdi. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n ill\u0259rl\u0259\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti Avropaya s\u0259f\u0259r ed\u0259 bilm\u0259di.<\/p>\n

Sultan II B\u0259yazid ikinci bir sehve yol verib, d\u00f6vl\u0259t adamlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259kidi il\u0259 o\u011flu \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259 \u018fhm\u0259di v\u0259li\u0259hd t\u0259yin etdi. D\u0259rhal dig\u0259r iki \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259 Sultan S\u0259lim v\u0259 Qorqud siz n\u0259 edirsiniz? dey\u0259 atalar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 ayaqland\u0131lar. D\u00f6vl\u0259t idar\u0259si xaosa girdi. Sultan B\u0259yazid verdiyi \u0259mri geri g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 qald\u0131. \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259l\u0259r haql\u0131yd\u0131. D\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259 onlar\u0131n da haqq\u0131 vard\u0131. Sual ver\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz ki, sad\u0259c\u0259 bir \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259ni yeti\u015fdirib onu v\u0259li\u0259hd t\u0259yin etm\u0259k olmazd\u0131m\u0131? Xeyr, \u00e7\u00fcnki el\u0259 \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259l\u0259r oldu ki, daha Pad\u015fah h\u0259yatdayk\u0259n v\u0259fat etdil\u0259r. \u018fger bu sistem tek bir \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u0259 qurulsayd\u0131, o \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259 \u00f6ld\u00fckd\u0259n sonra ba\u015fa ke\u00e7\u0259n s\u0259ri\u015ft\u0259siz \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti u\u00e7uruma apara bil\u0259rdi.<\/p>\n

Yen\u0259 sual ver\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz ki, b\u0259s ki\u00e7ik ya\u015fdak\u0131 \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259l\u0259r niy\u0259 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc? \u00c7\u00fcnki \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259nin ki\u00e7ik v\u0259 ya b\u00f6y\u00fck olmas\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259rqi yoxdu. Osmanl\u0131da 6 ya\u015f\u0131nda bel\u0259 taxta \u00e7\u0131xan pad\u015fahlar vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259tind\u0259 bu uy\u011fulama b\u0259zil\u0259rinin\u00a0 z\u0259nn etdiyi kimi qanl\u0131 deyil, q\u0259dim T\u00fcrk ad\u0259tin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 yay il\u0259 bo\u011fularaq \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131da qarda\u015f q\u0259tli 1603-c\u00fc ild\u0259 hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n Sultan I \u018fhm\u0259din \u0259mri il\u0259\u00a0 qald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Onun yerin\u0259 \u201c\u018fkb\u0259r \u00f6vlad\u201d y\u0259ni a\u011fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda olan v\u0259 ya\u015fca b\u00f6y\u00fck olan \u015e\u0259hzad\u0259l\u0259rin hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259si sistemi g\u0259tirildi. Ancaq bu bir \u00e7ox probleml\u0259r\u0259, \u0259n \u0259sas\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259t adamlar\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259t\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00e7evrili\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259, pad\u015fah \u00f6l\u00fcml\u0259rin\u0259 yol a\u00e7d\u0131.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 h\u0259r daim idar\u0259\u00e7ilikd\u0259 birlik sistemini \u0259sas ald\u0131. Osmanl\u0131ya g\u00f6r\u0259 \u201cba\u015f olmayan yerd\u0259 h\u0259r k\u0259s ba\u015f, h\u0259r k\u0259sin ba\u015f oldu\u011fu yerd\u0259 h\u0259rk\u0259s k\u00f6l\u0259 olar.<\/strong>\u018fslind\u0259 bu b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk mill\u0259tinin \u00fcmumi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tidir.<\/p>\n

Sultan II B\u0259yazid\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin qarda\u015f\u0131 Cem il\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259sini\u00a0 t\u0259klif etdikl\u0259ri vaxt verdiyi cavab\u00a0 m\u00f6vzumuzun x\u00fclas\u0259sidir:<\/p>\n

\u201cOsmanl\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259ti el\u0259 bir iff\u0259tli g\u0259lindir ki, \u0259sla iki b\u0259y\u0259 raz\u0131l\u0131q verm\u0259z\u201d.<\/p>\n

S\u0259nan Yavuzalp<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131ya 764 d\u0259f\u0259 bax\u0131l\u0131b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u0130stanbulun f\u0259thind\u0259n sonra Fateh Sultan M\u0259hm\u0259d yeni bir nizam ve qanunlar toplusu olaraq \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cQanunnameyi Ali Osman\u201dda bu bar\u0259d\u0259 yaz\u0131r: \u2018\u2018V\u0259 h\u0259r kims\u0259y\u0259 \u00f6vlad\u0131mdan s\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259t m\u00fcy\u0259ss\u0259r ola, qarda\u015flar\u0131n Niz\u00e2m-\u0131 \u00c2lem (D\u00f6vl\u0259tin davam\u0131) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn q\u0259tl eyl\u0259m\u0259k m\u00fcnasibdir. \u018fks\u0259r \u00fcl\u0259ma (aliml\u0259r) dahi tecviz etmi\u015fdir (icaz\u0259 vermi\u015fdir). Onunla amil olalar (t\u0259tbiq ed\u0259rl\u0259r)\u2019\u2019. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 bu m\u00f6vzu Fateh Sultan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6299,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7087"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7087"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7087\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7090,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7087\/revisions\/7090"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6299"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}