{"id":8657,"date":"2015-03-04T09:52:59","date_gmt":"2015-03-04T05:52:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kultur.az\/?p=8657"},"modified":"2015-03-04T09:52:59","modified_gmt":"2015-03-04T05:52:59","slug":"lev-tolstoyun-7-q%c9%99rib%c9%99liyi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/?p=8657","title":{"rendered":"Lev Tolstoyun 7 q\u0259rib\u0259liyi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"tolstoy\"<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u00f6y\u00fck rus yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Lev Tolstoyun h\u0259yat\u0131nda v\u0259 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndak\u0131 q\u0259rib\u0259likl\u0259r d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0259d\u0259bi-ictimai m\u00fchitinin n\u0259z\u0259rind\u0259n qa\u00e7may\u0131b. 1906-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin Nobel m\u00fckafat\u0131na t\u0259qdim olunmas\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xandan sonra is\u0259 onun \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tin\u0259 maraq daha da artd\u0131. Qraf Tolstoy bu add\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 pula m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirmi\u015fdi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u201cAnna Karenina\u201d roman\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n g\u00f6z\u0259l s\u0259hif\u0259l\u0259rinin birind\u0259 ot bi\u00e7ininin t\u0259svir edilm\u0259si t\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil. Tolstoy k\u0259ndlil\u0259rl\u0259 \u00e7iyin-\u00e7iyin\u0259 ot bi\u00e7m\u0259yi sevirdi, bunu he\u00e7 d\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn etmirdi. O, k\u0259ndli \u0259m\u0259yini s\u0259mimi q\u0259lbd\u0259n t\u0259qdir edir, a\u011f\u0131r fiziki \u0259m\u0259y\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. B\u0259z\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck z\u00f6vql\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 bacar\u0131qla \u00e7\u0259km\u0259 tikib qohumlar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131r, ot bi\u00e7ir, yer \u015fumlay\u0131rd\u0131. Onun bu \u0259m\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259n k\u0259ndlil\u0259r heyr\u0259tl\u0259nir, arvad\u0131 is\u0259 q\u0259z\u0259bl\u0259nirdi.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Tolstoy g\u0259ncliyind\u0259 d\u0259, ah\u0131l vaxt\u0131 da sakit v\u0259 m\u00fcdrik h\u0259yat t\u0259rzi ke\u00e7irm\u0259yib. H\u0259tta g\u0259nclik ill\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fclahiz\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 q\u0259ti olub, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259d\u0259n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t edib, b\u0259z\u0259n kobudluqdan \u00e7\u0259kinm\u0259yib. El\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m yolda\u015f\u0131 \u0130van Turgenyevl\u0259 m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259si d\u0259 bu xasiyy\u0259ti \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259n yaran\u0131b. Tolstoyun kobudlu\u011funa d\u00f6zm\u0259y\u0259n Turgenyev onu duel\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131b. Xo\u015fb\u0259xtlikd\u0259n daha soyuqqanl\u0131 oldu\u011funa g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00fczr ist\u0259yib, bel\u0259likl\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259 s\u00fclhl\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259nib.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

3. Yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 1882-ci ild\u0259 Moskvada ke\u00e7iril\u0259n \u0259halinin siyah\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131nda k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc i\u015ftirak edib. \u018fsas m\u0259qs\u0259di camaat\u0131n g\u00fcz\u0259ran\u0131 il\u0259 yax\u0131ndan tan\u0131\u015f olmaq, yoxsullar\u0131 a\u015fkara \u00e7\u0131xarmaq, onlara yard\u0131m g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olub. Tolstoy x\u00fcsusi analizl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, xeyriyy\u0259\u00e7ilik m\u0259qs\u0259di g\u00fcd\u00fcr, pul y\u0131\u011f\u0131b kas\u0131blara k\u00f6m\u0259k etm\u0259k, onlar\u0131 i\u015f\u0259 d\u00fcz\u0259ltm\u0259k, u\u015faqlar\u0131 m\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259 yazd\u0131rmaq, yurdsuzlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacaq d\u00fcz\u0259ltm\u0259k ist\u0259yirdi. Bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259xs\u0259n s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacaqlara gedir, bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u0259tbuatda v\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r dumas\u0131nda m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 qald\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

4. \u0130ll\u0259r ke\u00e7dikc\u0259 Tolstoy daha \u00e7ox m\u0259n\u0259vi axtar\u0131\u015flara fikir verir, m\u0259i\u015f\u0259tl\u0259 az maraqlan\u0131r, dem\u0259k olar ki, zahid h\u0259yat\u0131 ke\u00e7irirdi. O, fiziki \u0259m\u0259kl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olur, quru d\u00f6\u015f\u0259m\u0259nin \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u0259 yat\u0131r, b\u0259rk soyuqlar d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n\u0259c\u0259n ayaqyal\u0131n g\u0259zir, bununla da sad\u0259 xalq\u0131n yan\u0131nda oldu\u011funu b\u00fcruz\u0259 verirdi. O, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son g\u00fcnl\u0259rin\u0259c\u0259n fiziki \u00e7evikliyini v\u0259 ruhi siql\u0259tini saxlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 h\u0259r c\u00fcr fiziki t\u0259mrini sevir, piyada g\u0259zintiy\u0259 x\u00fcsusi h\u0259v\u0259s g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyildi ki, o, 60 ya\u015flar\u0131nda olanda \u00fc\u00e7 d\u0259f\u0259 Moskvadan Yasnaya Polyanaya piyada getmi\u015fdi. Bundan ba\u015fqa qraf xiz\u0259k, velosiped\u00a0 s\u00fcr\u00fcr, atla g\u0259zir, g\u00f6ld\u0259 \u00fcz\u00fcr, h\u0259r s\u0259h\u0259r gimnastikayla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olurdu.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

5. Tolstoy pedaqoji i\u015fl\u0259 d\u0259 ciddi m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olurdu. O, Yasnaya Polyanadak\u0131 malikan\u0259sind\u0259 k\u0259ndli balalar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259kt\u0259b a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Onun t\u0259dris \u00fcsulu \u00e7ox maraql\u0131 idi: yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 azad t\u0259rbiy\u0259y\u0259 x\u00fcsusi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verirdi, \u015fagirdl\u0259r m\u0259\u015f\u011f\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 ist\u0259dikl\u0259ri kimi otururdular. M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir d\u0259rs proqram\u0131 yox idi, bununla bel\u0259, n\u0259tic\u0259 sevindirici olurdu. \u00dcst\u0259lik, vaxt tap\u0131b \u015fagirdl\u0259rl\u0259 d\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olur, h\u0259tta u\u015faq kitablar\u0131 yaz\u0131b \u00e7ap etdirirdi.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

6. B\u00f6y\u00fck yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n kils\u0259yl\u0259 m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259si h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n q\u0259rib\u0259 v\u0259 k\u0259d\u0259rli s\u0259hif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259ndir. O, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son iyirmi ilind\u0259 xristianl\u0131qla b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 qoparm\u0131\u015fd\u0131, dini ehkamlara \u0259m\u0259l etmirdi. Tolstoy r\u0259smi kils\u0259nin n\u00fcfuzunu \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 alt\u0131na al\u0131r, ruhanil\u0259ri t\u0259nqid edir, dinin daha geni\u015f m\u0259nada d\u0259rk edilm\u0259sin\u0259 can at\u0131r, islam dinin\u0259 r\u0259\u011fb\u0259tl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Dinl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 silsil\u0259 yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra M\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s Sinod 1901-ci ild\u0259 yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131, dem\u0259k olar ki, kafir elan etdi.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7. Tolstoy ail\u0259sini at\u0131b pay-piyada s\u0259yah\u0259t etm\u0259k fikrin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259nd\u0259 82 ya\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131. O, arvad\u0131na vida m\u0259ktubu yaz\u0131b, \u015f\u0259xsi h\u0259kiminin m\u00fc\u015fayi\u0259til\u0259 Yasnaya Polyanadan \u00e7\u0131x\u0131b, m\u0259qs\u0259dsiz-filans\u0131z dola\u015fma\u011fa gedib. O, c\u0259nubda bir qohumuna ba\u015f \u00e7\u0259km\u0259k, sonra Qafqaza yollanmaq fikrind\u0259 idi. Amma yolda soyuqlay\u0131b s\u0259t\u0259lc\u0259m oldu v\u0259 1910-cu il noyabr\u0131n 7-d\u0259 \u201cAstapovo\u201d d\u0259miryolu stansiyas\u0131 r\u0259isinin evind\u0259 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdi.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131ya 907 d\u0259f\u0259 bax\u0131l\u0131b<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u00f6y\u00fck rus yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Lev Tolstoyun h\u0259yat\u0131nda v\u0259 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131ndak\u0131 q\u0259rib\u0259likl\u0259r d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0259d\u0259bi-ictimai m\u00fchitinin n\u0259z\u0259rind\u0259n qa\u00e7may\u0131b. 1906-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin Nobel m\u00fckafat\u0131na t\u0259qdim olunmas\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xandan sonra is\u0259 onun \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tin\u0259 maraq daha da artd\u0131. Qraf Tolstoy bu add\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 pula m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirmi\u015fdi. 1. \u201cAnna Karenina\u201d roman\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n g\u00f6z\u0259l s\u0259hif\u0259l\u0259rinin birind\u0259 ot bi\u00e7ininin t\u0259svir edilm\u0259si t\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil. Tolstoy k\u0259ndlil\u0259rl\u0259 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4020,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8657"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8657"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8658,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8657\/revisions\/8658"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4020"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8657"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8657"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kultur.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}